LETTER To the Editors' and Authors

Irulandy Ponniah

As a freelance reviewer for few journals based in India, I am often engrossed with the review of manuscripts being sent to me, especially, in the recent past. Understandably, the culture of increased manuscript submission was the consequence of governing body regulations in India, which had suddenly awakened to instill a sense of continuing education in the minds of the teaching faculty.

As most were trained as good practitioners’ than reasonable science writers, it is not unusual for prospective authors’ to rely on previously published materials to gain an overview before they start to write. And inevitably, they may also subconsciously reproduce few exact sentences from other print materials amounting to plagiarism. But what actually constitutes text plagiarism? According to Pecorari [1], copying word for word from source text rather than spontaneous composition is considered text plagiarism. He also believes that in-text citation of the sourced material is more important than “simply listing a work in the reference list” [1]. The quoted phrase is repeated from the cited authors’ own words, which does not constitute plagiarism, but a whole article cannot be legitimately written with just quotation marks.

The perception of text plagiarism might vary among authors and academic experts in India. What with authors (when confronted) claiming as coincidental or believe on the lines that “borrowing sentences in the part of a paper does not amount to plagiarism, especially, when the results are original” [2].

Although, it is widely believed that editors are indifferent towards charges of plagiarism [3], I present few instances of suspected plagiarism and the response of the concerned journal editors in India. In case one, the reader found that there was substantial textual copying (with or without attribution) in an article published in a journal, and in case two and three, textual copying was detected at the stage of peer review. In the latter instance, on appraisal, the editors of the concerned journals promptly rejected the manuscripts. On the other hand, in case one, there was denial of textual plagiarism by one of the experts while the other deemed it as ‘unintentional’. A similar allegation with an international journal, which after expert evaluation, swiftly acted on the charge of plagiarism. Incidentally, the author was also the journal editor where there was denial of outright plagiarism by one of the reviewers. Arguably, the reviewer is likely to be correct in his view as his opinion might have been based on the assumption that “today’s patch-writer is tomorrow’s competent academic writer, given the necessary support to develop” [1].

The US office for research integrity (see http://ori.dhhs.gov/policies/plagiarism.shtml) defines text plagiarism as substantial unattributed textual copying of others. However, it excludes limited usage of pertinent sentences. But this should not be construed to mean that limited copy-typed texts from wider sources not amount to plagiarism.

The electronic resource made it possible both in terms of copying and detection of such tactics [4]. This is evident from the reasons assigned for retracted papers (see http://blogs.wiley.com/publishingnews/2010/06/30/retractions-in-wiley-blackwell-journals/). In just 7 months (September 2009 to March 2010) 17 cases were retracted for text duplication (29%) and serious error plus text duplication in another 6% of retractions. A search (Pubmed) with keywords like “retraction and India” would show that 63% of retractions involved a particular authors’. This indicates that plagiarism or academic fraud is committed more often by repeat offenders.

A number of journal editor’s uses software (see http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100705/full/466167a.html) to screen manuscripts for the degree of text similarity at the time of submission. This would definitely save time and energy not only for the journals, but also for the reviewers. The move by a medical university, in India, to check plagiarism in the submitted dissertation or PhD thesis is a step in the right direction to discourage textual plagiarism (http://www.tnmmu.ac.in/plagiarism.htm). But, however, screening with software may also produce too many results for a document when there is slight overlap with other sources (see http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0702012). For example, copy the first paragraph above and paste in the “input your text” column in eTBLAST (see http://etest.vbi.vt.edu/etblast3/) for similarity based text-matching to find the number of matching results which would take considerable time by manual checks to establish whether plagiarism or not [5].

Although, a number of software is in use and increasingly, journals have become alert to detect plagiarism, it is in the hands of science writers and researchers to attenuate plagiarism (in any form) before readers stop trusting scientific messages.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References
1. Pecorari D (2003) Good and original: plagiarism and patchwriting in academic second-language writing. J Sec Lang Writ 12:317–345
2. Yilmaz I (2007) Plagiarism? No, we’re borrowing better English. Nature 449:658
3. Wager E, Fiack S, Graf C, Robinson A, Rowlands I (2009) Science journal editors’ views on publication ethics: results of an international survey. J Med Ethics 35:348–353
4. Stafford N (2010) Science in the digital age. Nature 467:S19–S21
5. Errami M, Garner H (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature 451:397–399

Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery
DOI: 10.1007/s12663-011-0193-1

Medical journals retract "unethical" research

(Reuters) - The editors of 16 international medical journals have retracted "unethical" research carried out by a German doctor on drugs known as colloids, which boost blood volume in patients having surgery.>>>

Ethics in Oncology: Lies, Big and Small, Matter - Relatively few scientific papers retracted

Ronald Piana

The Asco Post, Volume 2, Issue 5

A recent study in the Journal of Medical Ethics found that 788 research papers published in medical journals between 2000 and 2010 were retracted for serious errors or falsified data.^1,2 Study author Grant Steen, PhD, told The ASCO Post that U.S. scientists were responsible for 169 of the papers retracted for inadvertent yet serious errors, as well as 84 papers retracted for blatant fraud. "In any case, during the sample period I used for the study, nearly 5 million papers were published, so the short version of what I found is that relatively few scientific papers are retracted," said Dr. Steen.

Yet, Dr. Steen noted an interesting, if not alarming pattern. "Among the papers retracted for error, only about 18% of authors had a previous retraction. However, among papers retracted for out-and-out fraud, more than half of those authors had previous retractions," said Dr. Steen.

According to Dr. Steen, this finding can be interpreted in two ways. Authors of a fraudulent paper are likely to have all their papers retracted, whether or not fraud or error was committed in each publication. "But the other explanation, which I tend to favor, is that people who engage in fraud have a pattern of abusing the literature," said Dr. Steen.

While it is impossible to look into the mind or motive of another, there are some things we can discern from patterns that emerge in studies such as Dr. Steen's. Since falsified papers were more likely to appear in high-profile medical journals as opposed to less prestigious publications, we can intuit that the "publish or perish" ethos might be a factor behind this behavior. "We need to be cautious; some clinical researchers perceive a paper published in a journal with a high impact factor as an open door to an upward career move, and they are willing to falsify data to walk through that door," said Dr. Steen >>>

Notes on a scandal

EDITORIAL
Nature Volume: 471, Pages: 135–136 , doi:10.1038/471135b

How an organism is affected by a particular gene mutation, as every geneticist knows, depends on that organism's genetic background. Although an obesity mutation introduced into one strain of mouse might produce a fat animal with diabetes, the same mutation in a mouse strain of slightly different genetic background could create a fat but otherwise healthy animal.

Similarly, the effects of a cry of academic distress seem to depend on a community's societal background. How else to explain the contrasting results of two academic revelations: the plagiarism affair that consumed Germany for two weeks until academic disapproval forced the resignation of the defence minister, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, on 1 March — and an exposé of comparable wrongdoing by the Italian minister of education, Mariastella Gelmini, in 2008, which had zero impact.

The German scandal broke on 16 February, when the daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung revealed that the hugely popular Guttenberg had apparently taken a short cut to his doctorate in law by copying other published works without attribution in his thesis. The report sparked an intense reaction hard to imagine in countries such as the United States and Britain, where the academic achievements (if any) or failures of politicians are not considered serious issues.

German citizens looked to the Internet to discover the extent of Guttenberg's plagiarism, which turned out to be quite shameless. The University of Bayreuth withdrew his PhD and is now investigating whether he had just been careless or had intended to deceive. At first, Guttenberg attempted to underplay the importance of “inadequate footnotes” in a thesis; the issue faded to insignificance, he implied, next to his momentous political mission of reorganizing the German armed forces and controlling their presence in Afghanistan. His popularity among the general public remained undiminished, and Chancellor Angela Merkel, herself a PhD physicist, tried to limit damage to her government by saying that she had “hired a politician, not a scientific assistant”. That was a fatal mistake. Within days, tens of thousands of PhD holders had signed a letter deploring her “mockery” of an academic system that represented decency, honour and responsibility — attributes that they insisted should be reflected in a democratic government. Crushed by this attack of righteousness, Guttenberg finally resigned.

Like Guttenberg, Gelmini was a graduate in law. And like him, she felt that her driving ambition justified taking short cuts in academic procedures to get the degree that would help her political career. In 2001 she travelled from her home town of Brescia in the north of Italy to Reggio Calabria, in the far south, to sit her bar exams. At the time, pass rates in the north were below 10%, compared with a rate of suspiciously more than 90% in Reggio Calabria, a city otherwise known for low academic standards. After the press revealed the Reggio Calabria bar exam to be a scam, the Italian academic community called for Gelmini's resignation — to no avail. The irony of having a minister with responsibility for universities who herself cheerfully admits to having dodged academic rules is not lost on the community.

In Germany, Italy and neighbouring countries in Europe, politicians are frequently drawn from academia. Credentials help political careers, and nearly 20% of the German parliament hold PhDs. But then, almost 9% of Italian parliamentarians are university professors, so the differing reactions to calls for resignation prompted by scholastic misdemeanours cannot be down to ignorance about how universities work. Instead, the difference seems to be based on how large a threat each government considers the weapon of moral correctness to be — and how dangerous is the academic community wielding that weapon.

Should anyone really have expected the government of Silvio Berlusconi to fear such a weapon?

It is more surprising, and gratifying, to find that in Germany, one of the world's richest and most powerful countries, rage against an academic cheat can provoke serious consequences. Not only was Guttenberg popular, but he hadn't previously made any serious political errors that would have seen charges of plagiarism considered the last straw.

Still, there may not be a lesson for many other countries here. Germany is known as the 'country of poets and philosophers' — a rare societal background, and one apparently conducive to propagation of honourable academic values. Like our more fortunate mutant mouse, all there seems plump and healthy, even as it remains unfathomably mysterious to those on the outside.

German Public Misunderstands Plagiarism - Copy, Shake, and Paste

"...They really don't get it. So many people think of this as just a little bit of cheating just like everyone does on their taxes and stuff. They do not understand that plagiarism pulls the carpet out from under science." >>>

German defense minister Guttenberg resigns .

German Defense Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg has announced his resignation after weeks of criticism over plagiarising parts of his Ph.D. thesis."It's the most painful decision of my life," Guttenberg said at a press conference in Berlin.

Guttenberg made it clear it wasn't easy to give up the position, saying it was "unsatisfactory, but all too human." He added that he wanted to avoid "political damage."

Guttenberg thanked German Chancellor Angela Merkel for her support over the past few weeks. He said "I was always ready to fight, but I reached the limits of my strength.">>>